Tuberculosis

Ventilation rates are a key determinant of the transmission rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other airborne infections. Targeting infection prevention ...

The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( [http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. [23](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR23)]. Factors such as changes in outdoor wind speed or windows being opened or closed can have large effects on ventilation rates [ [9](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR9)]. We chose not to use the Wells-Riley equation [ [6](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR6)] to estimate absolute risk. We fitted a simple linear regression model for the relationship between the difference in CO2 concentration (Cin – Cout) at each time point (Table [1](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#Tab1)) and the total CO2 generation rate at each time point (n(t)G), where the slope of the line determined the ventilation rate (Q). An increased prevalence of people with undiagnosed tuberculosis in clinics may further increase risk [ [24](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR24), [25](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR25)]. [15](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR15)]. To allow comparisons between different locations, we calculated a unitless ‘rate’ of potential transmission for each location, equal to the mean number of other people present (i.e., the mean number of people minus one) divided by the ventilation rate. This suggests that a large proportion of tuberculosis results from transmission in indoor congregate settings, such as clinics, schools, public transport, workplaces, or churches [ [4](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR4), [13](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR13), [14](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR14)]. Making simple, low-cost changes to building structures has been shown to be a highly effective way of improving ventilation rates, and therefore reducing transmission risk, in hospitals [ [7](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR7)] and university buildings [ [8](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR8)]. [1](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR1)]. The COVID-19 pandemic makes this call for increased attention to, and improvements in, ventilation particularly relevant, as it has become clear that airborne transmission also plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission [ [5](/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14133-5#ref-CR5)].

End-stage renal disease requiring chronic dialysis is an immunocompromised state which increases the risk of tuberculosis development and its spread.

Negative [[6]](#references). Ethambutol can be added if resistance to rifampin is suspected, and its continuation is recommended until sensitivity to rifampin is demonstrated [[18]](#references). [[2]](#references). Sputum induction is advised in those unable to expectorate sputum [[15]](#references). Arterial blood-gas analysis shows hypoxemia with a high alveolar-arterial gradient and hypocapnia [[2]](#references). The goal was to give cryoprecipitate if fibrinogen was below 120 mg/dL (normal range 200-393 mg/dL) and platelets transfusion if platelet count was below 20,000/mcL without bleed and 30000/mcL with bleed. Immunosuppression in the form of impaired cell-mediated immunity allows for the development and spread of TB [[2,6]](#references). [[1]](#references). Serum procalcitonin was elevated to 5.73 ng/mL (normal range 0.02-0.10 ng/mL). Monoclonal spike (M-spike) A chest x-ray is shown in Figure [1](#figure-anchor-448756).

The Sacramento County Division of Public Health said letters were mailed to parents of all students who may have been exposed, and it will also be testing ...

An excerpt from 'Lives on The Edge : Tuberculosis in Marginalised Populations', by Radheshyam Jadhav.

In 2018, a total of 1,676 transgender persons were diagnosed with TB and this was notified in the RNTCP. She has fought hard with her family, society, and her own self to counter prejudices and establish her identity as a woman. In the eighth standard, she told her mother that she wanted to wear a girl’s dress, prompting her mother to beat her. The incidence of TB in transgender persons is not known and needs to be measured. A group of transgenders spotted Soumya on the streets and introduced her to a new world. She was taken to a spiritual guru, who told her parents that their boy had been cursed by God and some rituals had to be performed to appease Him. They marry Aravan on a full-moon day and become widows the next day, as Aravan dies. Soumya cuts a path through the crowd and moves towards a small tin-shed shop a good distance away from the temple. She finally finds her friends waiting for her near the temple and sits down by a tree near a flower stall, exhausted from the ordeal. Welcome to Koovagam, a dusty village in Kallakurichi district, Tamil Nadu, about 200 kms south of Chennai, the State’s capital. There is some bargaining for a few minutes and then they depart with their partners for the nearby fields. Soumya and the others start dancing and clapping their hands after the marriage ceremony.